A computer is a programmable machine designed to automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. An important class of computer operations on some computing platforms is the accepting of input from human operators and the output of results formatted for human consumption. The interface between the computer and the human operator is known as the user interface.
Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.
A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.

budget 2012-13

Budget 2012-13 fails to inspire hope
The Budget is over and, to the surprise of none, the criticism continues. There is a lot of analysis, arguments and noise, from which one thing is clearly evident that the Budget has nothing to cheer the industry up. Most of the demands raised by different sectors haven't been addressed and neither the Budget has come with much to convince that there are some long term-benefits hidden underneath, as opposed to the Finance Minister's claim made during his Budget speech.

When it comes to the SME sector, the Budget doesn't offer much to strengthen the "backbone of the economy" -- a term often used by our politicians to emphasize the importance of the sector. Of course, there is a Rs. 5000 crore-venture capital fund, a heightened turnover limit for compulsory tax audit to Rs. one crore, and exemption of capital gains tax on sale of a residential property by a MSME unit to purchase new plant and machinery, but these measures are far away from being enough.

Similarly, as far as the export sector is concerned, the Budget fails to cheer us up. Considering the global economic uncertainties ahead, I was expecting that the Finance Minister would introduce some strong measures to boost the sector, but instead he appeared to be complacent about our external trade, citing India's performance during the April-January 2011-12 period. He also turned a deaf ear to the long-standing demand of the sector for extending the interest subvention scheme beyond March 31, 2012, and also went for extension of MAT on proprietorship and partnerships firms.

However, we can't deny that there are some good steps in the Budget, including the proposal to enhance skill development in the manufacturing sector, set up two mega handloom clusters, a powerloom mega cluster and three Weavers' Service Centers, introduce a Rs. 500 crore-pilot scheme for promotion and application of Geo-textiles and a Rs. 3884 crore-package for waiver of loans of handloom weavers, and reduce duties for inputs of industries such as paper, medical devices, etc.

On excise duty, one of much talked-about issues of this Budget, I think that bringing it to the level of 12 percent, which is still lower than the 14 percent before the financial crisis, is a move taken considering the improved economic situation. But when it comes to the proposed raise in Service tax, the hike seems harsher, as it may fuel inflation and dry up domestic demand, putting the principal objective of the budget to "focus on domestic demand driven growth for recovery" at stake.

Overall, the national Budget for the financial year 2012-13 is realistic but it fails to inspire hope. There is no reform effort evident but only a few passing remarks on some crucial issues like DTC, GST National Manufacturing Zones, MSE Procurement Policy, and SME Exchange. It lacks solutions and doesn't even offer any clear path how to achieve the macroeconomic goals set by itself. And when it comes to the SMEs and the export sector, it does not meet our expectation, when we compare the needs with what the Budget has proposed.